Heavy Metal Contamination Level in The Body Between Chemical Pesticide Sprayers

Abstract

Introduction: Agricultural workers who handle chemical pesticides are at increased risk of exposure to heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). These metals are known to accumulate in the body and cause long-term health consequences. However, limited data are available on their contamination levels among pesticide sprayers in rural Indonesia.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the concentration levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg in the biological samples of chemical pesticide sprayers and to analyze their association with sociodemographic and occupational risk factors.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2024 in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi, involving 50 chemical pesticide sprayers. Biological samples (blood and urine) were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to measure Pb, Cd, and Hg concentrations. Sociodemographic and occupational data were obtained through structured interviews. The results were compared against WHO reference values.

Result: The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Hg were 18.5 µg/L (±6.2), 3.2 µg/L (±1.4), and 7.9 µg/L (±2.8), respectively. A total of 72% of respondents had Pb levels above the WHO threshold, 80% exceeded limits for Cd, and 60% for Hg. Most participants had low education (60% elementary or none), limited PPE use (80% incomplete or none), and long-term exposure (76% >5 years). Smoking prevalence was 70%, compounding Cd exposure risk.

Conclusion: A majority of pesticide sprayers were exposed to heavy metals at levels exceeding international safety standards. Inadequate protective measures, low awareness, and prolonged exposure increase their vulnerability to chronic health effects. These findings call for urgent public health interventions, including biomonitoring, safety training, and stricter pesticide regulation to protect this high-risk group.