An Idea on Safety and Environment

Pharmaceutical Pollution and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment: A Systematic Literature Review

Hafsah Hafsah — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Pharmaceutical pollution has become a pressing global concern due

to its role in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in environmental settings.

Objective: to synthesize current evidence on the link between pharmaceutical

residues and resistance dissemination

Method: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus,

Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. From an initial pool of

records, ten empirical articles were included. Inclusion criteria required that studies

examined pharmaceutical residues in environmental matrices and reported

associations with antimicrobial resistance genes, were peer-reviewed, and written

in English. Exclusion criteria eliminated reviews, commentaries, conference

abstracts without full text, and studies limited to clinical settings. The reviewed

articles encompassed field investigations, laboratory analyses, and policy

evaluations.

Result: indings revealed that pharmaceutical residues, especially antibiotics such

as fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides, persist in surface waters, sediments, and

soils, exerting continuous selective pressures that foster resistance gene

development. Mobile genetic elements facilitated rapid dissemination of

antimicrobial resistance among microbial populations. Geographic disparities were

evident, with low- and middle-income countries facing disproportionately higher

contamination levels due to weak infrastructure and limited regulation. Mitigation

strategies, including advanced wastewater treatment, constructed wetlands,

medicine take-back programs, and awareness campaigns, showed promise but

were constrained by cost and fragmented implementation. These findings highlight

the urgent need for integrated, One Health approaches to reduce pharmaceutical

pollution and address its contribution to antimicrobial resistance. By consolidating

evidence and identifying gaps,

Conclusion: his review enhances understanding of the environmental dimension

of resistance and informs future research and policy interventions.

Determinants of Workplace Accidents among Heavy Equipment Operators: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia

Dinda Rahma Revalita, Dina Waldani, Poppy Fujianti — Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Heavy equipment operators are prone to incidents, particularly due to fatigue, which affects concentration and safety. Although companies have committed to safety measures, incidents still occur due to various internal and external factors. Objective: This study aims to analyze the factors influencing workplace accidents among heavy equipment operators. Method: The research method used a quantitative research design with a crosssectional approach, with a sample of 99 heavy equipment operators selected using simple random sampling. Data analysis was performed using the Chisquare test and Logistic Regression Test. Result: The results of the study indicate that work fatigue has a significant effect on workplace accidents (p = 0.048 < 0.05), age also has a significant effect on workplace accidents (p = 0.025 < 0.05), Nutritional status does not show a significant relationship with workplace accidents (p = 0.111 > 0.05), Workload is proven to have a significant effect (p = 0.008 < 0.05), and length of service is also significantly associated with workplace accidents (p = 0.048 < 0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between work fatigue, age, workload, and length of service with work accidents at PT. Subur Sedaya Maju. There is no relationship between nutritional status and work accidents at PT. Subur Sedaya Maju. Therefore, the company should consider adding work shifts to improve operational efficiency and reduce the workload on existing shifts, as well as conduct a comprehensive and ongoing evaluation of factors that may contribute to workplace accidents

Occupational Safety and Health Risk Analysis in Chemical Anchor Installation: HIRARC Method and Fishbone Diagram

Muhammad Iqbal, Evan Febri Miranda — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: The implementation of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is an essential aspect of construction activities to prevent accidents and occupational diseases. One of the high-risk tasks in construction is the installation of chemical anchors, which involves concrete drilling, chemical adhesive injection, and rebar placement. These activities present potential hazards such as chemical exposure, noise, and physical injury from equipment use.

Objective: This study aims to identify potential hazards, assess risk levels, analyze the main causes of work accidents, and formulate appropriate risk control strategies in chemical anchor installation.

Method: This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) and fishbone analysis methods. Data were collected through field observations, interviews, and documentation of work activities.

Result: The results identified seven stages of work activities with 22 potential hazards. Risk assessment showed that 71% of activities were classified as low risk and 29% as moderate risk. Human and procedural factors were the main contributors to risk, primarily due to insufficient training and non-compliance with safety procedures.

Conclusion: This study concludes that the systematic implementation of OSH through technical training, regular supervision, and the application of a hierarchical risk control system is crucial to ensure safe and efficient chemical anchor installation processes.

Spatial Distribution and Risk Assessment of Microbiological Contamination in Drinking Water Depots Based on Sanitary Hygiene Conditions

William Brown, Asfar Anwar — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Microbiological contamination of drinking water remains a major environmental health concern, particularly in decentralized water supply systems such as refill drinking water depots. Poor sanitary hygiene practices during water treatment, handling, and distribution can increase the risk of fecal contamination and subsequent waterborne diseases.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and assess the risk of microbiological contamination in refill drinking water depots based on sanitary hygiene conditions

Method: An observational cross-sectional study with a spatial analytical approach was conducted in Makassar, Indonesia. Drinking water samples were collected from refill drinking water depots and analyzed for Escherichia coli and total coliforms using standard microbiological methods. Sanitary hygiene conditions were assessed using a structured inspection checklist and categorized into risk levels. Geographic coordinates of depots were recorded and analyzed using geographic information system software. Spatial autocorrelation was examined using Global Moran’s I, and hotspot analysis was performed using the Getis–Ord Gi* statistic. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the association between sanitary hygiene risk and microbiological contamination.

Result: A total of 120 refill drinking water depots were included in the analysis. Overall, 39.2% of drinking water samples were microbiologically contaminated. The prevalence of contamination increased with higher sanitary hygiene risk levels. Depots classified as high sanitary risk had a significantly higher likelihood of contamination compared to low-risk depots. Spatial analysis revealed significant clustering of contaminated depots, with distinct high-risk hotspots identified in densely populated areas with limited access to piped water supply.

Conclusion: Microbiological contamination of refill drinking water depots is strongly associated with sanitary hygiene conditions and exhibits clear spatial clustering patterns. Integrating sanitary hygiene assessment with spatial analysis provides valuable insights for identifying high-risk areas and prioritizing environmental health interventions.